Kidney surface development in human fetuses: study applied to radiological diagnosis

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the anatomical aspects of the kidney surface in human fetuses during the second gestational trimester. Material and Methods: We studied 108 kidneys obtained from 54 human fetuses (29 males and 25 females). The kidney was dissected and the number of clefts was counted. The renal volume was also assessed. To compare the quantitative data in both sexes, the Students-t-test was used (p < 0.05). Simple linear correlations were calculated for all kidney measurements, according to fetal age. Statistical analysis was performed with the R program (Version 3.5.1). Results: The fetuses ranged in age between 11.4 to 23 weeks post-conception. The renal volume of the right kidney ranged from 0.09 to 2.397 cm (mean=0.8479) and the renal volume of the left kidney ranged from 0.07 to 2.416 cm (mean=0.8036). The mean number of renal clefts in fetuses studied was 15.25 (7 to 28). There was no statistical significant difference in renal clefts between the sides either in males (p = 0.646) or in females (p = 0.698). Also, there was no significant difference in the mean number of renal clefts between male and female fetuses in right kidney (p = 0.948) and in left kidney (p = 0.939). Conclusions: The number of renal clefts has a great variation, weak correlation and no tendency to decrease during the 2nd gestational trimester. The number of clefts in right kidney of total sample and female fetuses has a significant development with age.

Buffering Capacity and Effects of Sodium Hexametaphosphate Nanoparticles and Fluoride on the Inorganic Components of Cariogenic-Related Biofilms In Vitro.

Despite the remarkable effects of sodium hexametaphosphate nanoparticles (HMPnano) on dental enamel de-/re-mineralization processes, information on the effects of these nanoparticles on biofilms is scarce. This study assessed the effects of HMPnano, with or without fluoride (F), on the inorganic components and pH of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans dual-species biofilms. Solutions containing conventional/micro-sized HMP (HMPmicro) or HMPnano were prepared at 0.5% and 1%, with or without 1100 ppm F. A 1100 ppm F solution and pure artificial saliva were tested as positive and negative controls, respectively. The biofilms were treated three times and had their pH analyzed, and the concentrations of F, calcium, phosphorus, and HMP in the biofilm biomass and fluid were determined. In another set of experiments, after the last treatment, the biofilms were exposed to a 20% sucrose solution, and the biofilm pH and inorganic components were evaluated. The 1% HMPnano solution with F led to the highest biofilm pH, even after exposure to sucrose. The 1% HMPnano solution without F led to significantly higher phosphorus concentrations in comparison to all other groups. It can be concluded that 1% HMPnano and F influenced the biofilm pH, besides affecting most of the inorganic components of the dual-species biofilms.

Kidney surface development in human fetuses: study applied to radiological diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anatomical aspects of the kidney surface in human fetuses during the second gestational trimester. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 108 kidneys obtained from 54 human fetuses (29 males and 25 females). The kidney was dissected and the number of clefts was counted. The renal volume was also assessed. To compare the quantitative data in both sexes, the Students-t-test was used (p < 0.05). Simple linear correlations were calculated for all kidney measurements, according to fetal age. Statistical analysis was performed with the R program (Version 3.5.1). RESULTS: The fetuses ranged in age between 11.4 to 23 weeks post-conception. The renal volume of the right kidney ranged from 0.09 to 2.397 cm (mean=0.8479) and the renal volume of the left kidney ranged from 0.07 to 2.416 cm (mean=0.8036). The mean number of renal clefts in fetuses studied was 15.25 (7 to 28). There was no statistical significant difference in renal clefts between the sides either in males (p = 0.646) or in females (p = 0.698). Also, there was no significant difference in the mean number of renal clefts between male and female fetuses in right kidney (p = 0.948) and in left kidney (p = 0.939). CONCLUSIONS: The number of renal clefts has a great variation, weak correlation and no tendency to decrease during the 2nd gestational trimester. The number of clefts in right kidney of total sample and female fetuses has a significant development with age.

Effects of nano-sized sodium hexametaphosphate on the viability, metabolism, matrix composition, and structure of dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

This study evaluated the effects of micrometric or nano-sized sodium hexametaphosphate (HMPnano), combined or not with fluoride (NaF, 1100 ppm), on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Biofilms were treated with solutions containing the polyphosphates at 0.5% or 1.0%, with/without fluoride (F), in addition to positive and negative controls. Biofilms were analysed by colony-forming units (CFU) counting, metabolic activity, production of biomass, composition of extracellular matrix, and structure. 1% HMPnano + F led to the lowest S. mutans CFU, while C. albicans CFU counts were not affected by any solution. 1% HMPnano led to the lowest metabolic activity, except for 1% HMPnano + F. All solutions promoted reductions in biofilm biomass compared to controls. Also, 1% HMPnano + F promoted the lowest concentrations of carbohydrates in the biofilm matrix, besides substantially affecting biofilms' structure. In conclusion, HMPnano and F promoted higher antibiofilm effects compared with its micrometric counterpart for most of the parameters assessed.